Histopathological alterations in gill,liver and kidney of common carp exposed to chlorpyrifos

Histopathological alterations in gill, liver and kidney of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, intoxicated with sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos (O,O,-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) pesticide (1 and 100 μg/L) for a period of 14 days were analyzed under light microscope. Gill exhibited hyperplasia and hypertrophy of gill epithelium, blood congestion, dilation of marginal channel, epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, lamellar disorganization, lamellar aneurysm, rupture of the lamellar epithelium, rupture of pillar cells and necrosis. Alterations in hepatocytes were more pronounced, including nuclear and cellular hypertrophy, cellular atrophy, irregular contour of cells and nucleus, cytoplasmic vacuolation, cytoplasmic and nuclear degeneration, cellular rupture, pyknotic nucleus, necrosis and melanomacrophages aggregations. Histopathological lesions in kidney were cellular and nuclear hypertrophy, narrowing of tubular lumen, cytoplasmic vacuolation, hyaline droplet degeneration, nuclear degeneration, occlusion of tubular lumen, tubular regeneration, dilation of glomerular capillaries, degeneration of glomerulus and hemorrhage in Bowman's space. The most significant conclusion drawn from this study was that with the increased concentration and duration the toxicosis of chlorpyrifos would be enhanced as shown through the analysis of mean assessment value (MAV) and degree of tissue changes (DTC) also.     

硝基芳烃对鲤鱼肝EROD活性影响的体外研究

在体外实验条件下,研究了9种硝基芳烃化合物对鲤鱼肝脏7-乙氧基异吩唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)的影响.结果表明,9种硝基芳烃化合物对EROD均有激活作用,在实验浓度范围内,EROD活性与浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系.实验发现苯环上同一位置的取代基不同或同一取代基在苯环上的位置不同,对EROD的激活程度的影响也不同.     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO2-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO2-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO2-NPs su ered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO2-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO2-NPs released into the aqueous environment.     

湖北鸭儿湖表层沉积物与鱼体中Hg质量比的相关性研究

采用固/液Hg自动分析仪,对采自湖北鸭儿湖氧化塘的鲢鱼、鳙鱼及表层沉积物(0～20 cm)中Hg质量比进行了检测.1998年采集的畸形鲢鱼鱼肉中Hg的平均质量比为(1.723±0.926) mg/kg (n=5),分别是美国FDA人体健康影响标准(1.0 mg/kg) 和我国食品卫生标准(0.3 mg/kg)的3.2倍和10.6倍,超标率均达100%;2002 年采集的畸形鲢鱼、畸形鳙鱼鱼肉中Hg的平均质量比分别为(0.572±0.118) mg/kg(n=10)和(0.739±0.118) mg/kg (n=10),是我国Hg食品卫生标准的1.9倍和2.5倍,超标率达100%.沉积物中Hg的平均质量比为5.08 mg/kg.两年采集的鸭儿湖氧化塘鱼肉、表层沉积物中总Hg质量比的分析和比较表明,表层沉积物中Hg质量比与鱼体内Hg质量比呈明显的正相关性(R=0.959).研究结果表明,污水养鱼中Hg通过食物链所导致的食品安全问题应引起人们高度关注.     

利用微核试验和彗星电泳试验评价黄河兰州段水质致遗传毒性作用

利用微核和彗星电泳试验对黄河兰州段鲤鱼(Cyprinuscarpio)红细胞大小及其DNA损伤(微核、核异常、单链断裂和遇碱不稳定点、双链断裂)进行了研究,并以刘家峡水库为对照.结果显示,黄河兰州段采得的鲤鱼其红细胞微核率显著增加(P<0.05),DNA单链断裂和遇碱不稳定点损伤比例和程度加重,但两样点差异不显著(P>0.05),这表明兰州段黄河水质有明显的致遗传毒性作用.同时两种检测结果显示,不同的遗传毒性检测手段具有不同的检测终点和机制,建议在监测环境污染致遗传毒性作用时考虑检测方法的统一和标准化,从而得到更可靠、全面的结果.图4表3参15     

MC-LR对草鱼肠道显微结构和炎症相关细胞因子表达的影响

微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)是蓝藻水华暴发产生的一种毒素,在水生生态系统中广泛分布.为探讨MC-LR对鱼类的肠道免疫毒性,分别对草鱼经腹腔注射不同剂量的MC-LR(25、75和100μg·kg-1),24、48、72和96 h后取样,分别进行组织病理变化和炎症相关细胞因子表达分析.显微结构结果显示,肠道组织病理变化表现为微绒毛结构破坏并伴随淋巴细胞浸润,肠上皮细胞排列紊乱,杯状细胞数目显著增多,粘膜固有层充血,在高剂量组甚至出现粘膜固有层分离的现象,且有剂量和时间效应.采用荧光定量PCR方法检测了炎症相关细胞因子IL-1β、IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α和TGF-β的mRNA转录水平变化.结果显示促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-8和TNF-α表达在低剂量组显著上升,而在高剂量组的表达多被抑制;而抗炎性细胞因子IL-10 mRNA仅在25μg·kg-1BW处理组表达差异变化显著,但在高剂量组表达变化差异不显著,TGF-β1的表达仅在75和100μg·kg-1处理组分别处理72和24 h后显著降低,其他差异不显著.从以上结果推测MC-LR的肠道免疫毒性主要表现为肠黏膜结构的破坏以及产生炎性反应,其中对肠黏膜结构的破坏具有剂量依赖效应.     

两种硝基氯苯对鲤鱼的急性毒性

采用鲤鱼(Brocarded Carp)为试验生物对对氯硝基苯(P-NCB)和2,4-二硝基氯苯(DNCB)2种化合物进行了静态方式的急性毒性试验。结果表明,96h后,对氯硝基苯试液中鲤鱼24h 100%死亡浓度(24h LC100)和96h无死亡浓度(96h LC0)分别为:40mg/L和5mg/L;在25～27℃下,96h的LC50为22.13 mg/L。2,4-二硝基氯苯试液中鲤鱼24h 100%死亡浓度(24h LC100)和96h无死亡浓度(96hLC0)分别为:1.0mg/L和0.5mg/L;在20～22℃下,96h的LC50为0.692 mg/L。该研究表明,对氯硝基苯和2,4-二硝基氯苯对鱼类分别属于高毒物质和剧毒物质。     

汞对鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio L.)组织中某些元素含量比的影响

用扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪测定了鲤鱼、脑、肝胰脏等器官中元素Na、P、K的含量比与其对汞吸收量之间的关系。结果表明,经高浓度汞(0.1mg/L)处理的鱼体组织中含汞量与Na呈正相关,与P、K呈负相关;经低浓度处理(0.01mg/L),其相关性不明显,但其净效应差值(ΔHg)与各元素含量比有密切关系,即ΔHg=0时比值最高。     

12种有机物在鲤鱼体内富集与释放行为的研究

本实验对第二松花江江水和鱼体中多次检出的12种化合物在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio L.)体内累积与释放行为进行了研究。提出了一个描述有机物在鱼体内富集行为的模式。给出了几种化合物生物富集因子(BCF)以及该因子与辛醇-水分配系数(K_(ow))之间的关系。研究结果表明,这些有机污染物在鱼体内的富集行为互不影响。含硝基化合物富集倍率低且易于释放,有机物是以一级动力学方式在鱼体内累积和释放。